Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of negligent liability?

Negligent liability is fundamentally based on the failure to meet a standard of care which leads to harm. The four essential elements of negligent liability are duty to act, breach of duty, proximate cause, and damages. The concept of "intent to cause harm" does not fit within this framework because negligence does not require the perpetrator to have any intent to cause harm; rather, it is concerned with a lack of due care and the resulting consequences.

In contrast, each of the other elements is critical in establishing a case of negligence. The duty to act refers to the legal obligation one party has toward another to adhere to a standard of reasonable care. Breach of duty arises when that standard of care is not met. Proximate cause links the breach of duty to the harm caused, establishing a direct connection between the negligent act and the injury that occurred. Thus, the absence of intent highlights the distinction between negligence and intentional torts, reinforcing why "intent to cause harm" is not considered an element in negligent liability.